CIENCIAS AGROPECUARIAS.

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Evaluación de 17 accesiones de maíz (zea mays l.), en la localidad de Curgua, Provincia de Bolívar, con investigacion participativa.
(Universidad Estatal de Bolivar. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingenieria Agronomica, 2004) Silva Garcia, David Rodrigo; Monar Benavides, Carlos Marcial
The corn (Zea mays L.) alone to in association with other species constitutes the basic food of more importance in the world with relationship to the world production for species cultivated squatter the third place after the wheat (Triticum sativum L) and the rice (Oriza sativa L) (Monar, C. 1992). At world level she/he is considered a cultivated surface of 140 million hectares with a production of 577 million tons. In the Ecuador the corn is one of the main cultivations of the region interandina occupying an area of 271.640 there is with a production of 407.460 tons. In the county Bolivar the cultivation of corn occupies the first place in importance with a surface of 30.000 there is of soft corn (Monar, C. 2003). This investigation was carried out in the town of Curgua, parish Santa Fe, canton Guaranda, county Bolivar. It is at an altitude of 2.580 msnm, latitude 01°37S; longitude: 79° 55´W. Floor of loamy frank type with a pH of 6.5. contained First floor of N, P and S. half Content of K and contained first floor of organic matter (2.2%). The date of sows it was the 18 of December of the year 2002. In this investigation they thought about the following objectives: • To Contribute to the improvement of the productivity and sostenibilidad of the local production systems. • To Evaluate agronomic and morfológicamente 17 agreements of soft corn and I last with investigation participative. • To Select with investigation participative the best varieties of soft corn and I last for this agriculture-ecological area. • To Carry out an analysis of the economic relationship Beneficio/Costo. A design of complete blocks was used at random (DBCA) with three repetitions. To have more specific and more valid results, the germoplasma of corn was evaluated in three groups or rehearsals: soft, hard and synthetic. Each variety corresponded to a treatment according to the following detail: Varieties of soft grain: T1: INIAP-101; T2: INIAP-102; T3: INIAP-122; T4: INIAP-124; T5: INIAP-192 and T6: INIAP-111 Improved Guagal (witness). Varieties of Hard grain (morochos): T1: INIAP-180; T2: INIAP-160, T3: INIAP-151; T4: Central university; T5: Local corn (witness morocho of grain cream color) and T6: INIAP-176. In the rehearsal of synthetic: T1: POB86 x INIAP-176; T2: Synthetic TO; T3: Synthetic B; T4: INIAP-180 (witness improved variety) and T5: Local witness (morocho of grain cream color). They were carried out analysis of Variance, test of Tukey, analysis of Correlation and regression, economic analysis of relationship B/C and analysis of the process of evaluations participatives. With base to the statistical, agronomic, economic analyses and investigation participative, the following more excellent results are synthesized: • Was evaluated and it characterized germoplasma of promissory soft and hard corn for this agriculture-ecological area mainly pr its sanity, precocity and yield. • The cultivares of soft corn with the highest values in production in choclo, in dry, in having toasted and bigger acceptability was INIAP-111 Improved Guagal with 449 choclo sacks for hectare and 5.525 kg/ha in dry; INIAP-124 with 428 choclo sacks for hectare and 5.180 kg/ha in dry. • The varieties of hard corn with more yield in dry were: Central University with 7.364 kg/ha and INIAP-180 with 7.209 kg/ha. bigger acceptability had INIAP-160 for the color of the white and big grain. • In the synthetic ones the highest yield registered in POB86 x INIAP-176 with 5.709 and Synthetic B with 5.527 kg/ha. • The components that contributed to an increment of the yield of corn in dry were: percentage of plántulas emergency, height of insert of ears and diameter of ears. The variables that reduced the yield were the one it flattens of root plants and mainly of shaft. • The biggest economic relationship in B/C in choclo one had in INIAP-111 Guagal Improved with 1,93. In soft corn in dry the relationship higher Beneficio/Costo registered in INIAP-192 Improved Chulpe with 2,65, followed by INIAP-111 with 2,15. In the cultivares of hard corn the relationship higher Beneficio/Costo one had in INIAP-160 with 2,13 and Central University with 1,67. • The cultivares of more acceptability on the part of the beneficiaries was INIAP-111 improved Guagal; INIAP-124; INIAP-192 (in dry) and INIAP-160. Finally this study demonstrated that germoplasma of promissory corn exists for this agriculture-ecological area with excellent quality for choclo, toasted, good plant sanity and ears, grains of white color, it cremates and yellow, precocious; intermediate and late precocity that you/they can contribute to improve the local production systems.
Determinar el porcentaje de germinación en borojó (borojoa patinoi cuatr) probando cuatro sustratos y tres escarificaciones.
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agronómica, 2005) Lema Carrera, Ángel Joselito; Sánchez, José
The borojò is one of the non traditional cultivations with more expectation for the export it can use it in marmalades, juices, yogurt, etc. The producing countries are Uruguay, Brazil, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. In Ecuador in established cultivations and with a density of 625 trees, the production oscillates between 15000 and 20000 Kg. / there is. In the provincial environment borojò cultivations have not been reported in big extensions, alone they exist in small associations with, yucca, papaya, citric, cocoa, among others. Recently he/she has been renewed the interest for the propagation for seed due to the remarkable behavior of plants coming from seeds of natural pollination.
Evaluación agronómica con investigación participativa de tres líneas promisorias de amaranto (amaranthus sp.) con fertilización química y orgánica en la localidad de Laguacoto II, Provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agronómica, 2006) Guata Patin, Carlos Vinicio; Monar Benavides, Carlos Marcial
Amaranth is an Andean crop and part of the production systems of our aboriginal and was used for religious rites and as the foundation of your diet along with corn, quinoa, potatoes, lupine and others. Amaranth is currently a crop that can be used in human and animal food. This plant has proteins (amino acids) and some minerals such as iron and calcium. They can produce a wide variety of products such as flour, popcorn, desserts, biscuits, baby food, etc., with added value. Bolivar province, disappeared amaranth cultivation due to genetic erosion and replacement with agro ecosystems that today are unsustainable and are the unicultivos. Amaranth because of its nutritional characteristics of excellent quality, it has niche markets like the European Union, United States and is a species that can effectively contribute to the food security and sovereignty. This research was conducted with the active participation of students, technicians, researchers, producers / as, and Local Agricultural Research Committee (CIAL). This test was performed at the Experimental Farm Laguacoto II, State University of Bolivar, located in the parish Veintimilla, Canton Guaranda, Bolívar province. The soil type is clay loam; low to medium nitrogen; low for phosphorus and sulfur; Good potassium. The soil has a pH of 6.7. Low organic matter content of 2.8%.
Evaluación agronómica con investigación participativa de ocho accesiones de quinua dulce (chenopodium quinoa will) con excelentes características para la agroindustria en Laguacoto II, Provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agronómica, 2006) Borja Antrituña, Clara Leonor; Monar Benavides, Carlos Marcial
Quinoa is grown in the Andes and part of the production systems of our aboriginal and was used for religious rites within crop diversification is a strategy of sustainability and food security by improving the efficiency of production systems this territorial region, mainly due to declining competitiveness in the last two years of other traditional items such as potatoes, corn, barley, wheat and others. Quinoa has an excellent quality due to its balance of essential amino acids such as lysine, methionine and especially tritopfano. Protein content varies between 14 and 20%, has excellent amounts of minerals such as calcium, iron, phosphorus and some vitamins. It can be made a wide variety of sub. Products such as flour, popcorn, desserts, biscuits, baby food, etc. This test was performed at the Experimental Farm Laguacoto II, State University of Bolivar, located in the parish Veintimilla, Canton Guaranda, Bolívar province
Manejo de nutrientes por sitio específico con labranza de conservación en el cultivo de maíz (zea mays l.) en Laguacoto II y San pablo de Atenas, provincia Bolivar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agronómica, 2007) Yánez Borja, Darwin Benigno; Monar, Carlos Marcial
This research was conducted in the 2006 growing season, at two locations in the province Bolivar, according Canadas. L, 1983 are within the area of lower montane wet forest life (bhMB), between 2000 and 2900 m the average annual rainfall varies between 1000 and 2000 mm with an average annual temperature between 12 and 18 ° C.
Producción, posproducción y comercialización de cacao (theobroma cacao) en el Cantón Caluma
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agronómica, 2007) Mora Coloma, Ángel Eugenio; Vásquez, Hugo
The Ecuadorian agricultural system enjoys variety of crops. According to the 2002 census cocoa it is occupying the greater amount of soil in the country and a small part in our Province of Bolivar and in our Canton Caluma. For this reason we have proposed a study to determine the technologies they use our cocoa producers Caluma Canton with the aim of promoting for those with deficiency and make an impact as strengths in subsequent instances. To duly perform all activities concerning the process of post-harvest production and marketing. The study was conducted in 10 precincts belonging to the Canton Caluma, in order to learn the techniques used by our farmers in cocoa matters and also integrate with the connotative language of the place, in which 10 random surveys were implemented with a total of 100 respondents. Autonomous National Agricultural Research Institute (INIAP), National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC), Cartographic Material Military Geographical Institute (IGM), Bolivar State University, Provincial Government of Bolívar, Page: To collect secondary information as visited institutions Web, National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology (INAMHI). The methods used were, with the help of a physical map of Canton, considering that the area selected The person was influenced by cocoa plantations. The survey was based on semi-structured open and closed questions, using clear and simple language easily understood taking care that reality and local knowledge is identified. For the analysis of research we used descriptive statistics. After comparing and corresponding interpretation it is determined cocoa production in the canton Caluma in 80542 Kg. And forms of land tenure are mostly own like the postproduction techniques using cocoa. Marketing channels and the unique relationship between traders and producers as prices throughout the year and corresponding returns shown, demonstrated that cocoa made to be long-lived plants that have little production but small technologies are applied they could enhance the same. Finally, this study showed that cocoa cropping competes with other plants for nutrients, water and light so its production is lower, considering that since this semi technified should at least production of 6 quintals per hectare., But It is not therefore necessary to train cocoa producer. Production in the canton is deficient, due to the existence of old plants, plus the lack of fertilization, pruning and good management. The high cost of renting mules and the inconvenience of not having access routes carrozable different cacao plantations, make the cocoa farmer to invest in these parameters enormous amount of money. Therefore he can never see your daily fortune and tenacious work; He is always working at a loss as it has been shown in representative paintings. However he served them cocoa and serve them as credit source, not banks or cooperatives, but of cocoa traders, who exploit producers making indiscriminate discounts, offering daring disguise their money according to the amount of money offered to a greater or give them fewer credits, the same as is spent on consumer goods, agricultural inputs not specifically for cocoa. Their hard work and sacrifice in the field tenacious, are never rewarded, but have the satisfaction of winning the daily bread with his honest work.
Desarrollo y validación de materiales de capacitación para agricultores/as en tizon tardio (phytophthora infestans) de la papa (solanum tuberosum), en la Provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agronómica, 2007) Cáceres Castro, Alexandra Paola; Yánez Garcia, Angel Rodrigo
Late blight is the disease that causes major losses in potato cultivation. These losses can be 100% but control measures are taken in time. Losses due to farmers know the biology and management of the disease. Training is one of the best ways to control potato late blight. Materials which have been used for training such as Guide to facilitate the development of farmer field schools "Integrated Management of Major Diseases and Insects of the Pope." If San Miguel, Cajamarca, Peru. Learning tools for facilitators, Integrated management of potato cultivation. 2000 edition, Ecuador; Facilitators Guidelines for Farmer Field Schools and others that need to be improved and there are also concepts in which late blight to be performed practices by which these concepts are transmitted to farmers. This paper describes the methodology used for the development of training materials. The methodology of the analysis of competencies that farmers should be able to develop in the field to combat the pathogen. This analysis was the basis for the development of objectives, which in turn guided the development of content, learning strategies and evaluation. This was done in a workshop facilitators, experienced technicians and agricultural extension plant pathologists they participated. Correct identification of the disease, identify favorable conditions for late blight, proper selection of potato varieties, efficient use of chemical control and frequent evaluation of the plot: As a result of this workshop is prioritizing the following skills. To sort the methodology under the guidance of learning defined a structure consisting of: (i) Title, (ii) Directions for the facilitator before the meeting, (iii) Prerequisite (iv) Time (v) Introduction, (vi) Objectives, (vii) Structure of the module (viii) Preparation Activities to develop with the participants during the session (ix) Review of knowledge (x) Initial Assessment of Knowledge (xi) Evaluation of expectations (xii) Technical content for participants ( xiii) Questions for dialogue (xiv) Practice (a) Objectives, (b) Supplies (c) Procedure (d) Notes, (xv) Synthesis Module (xvi) Final evaluation of knowledge (xvii) Evaluation Module ( xviii) Annexes (Annex 1 Technical content for the facilitator and participant materials and Annex 2 Questions for the evaluation of knowledge) (xix) References. Under this structure they are developed five modules: • Module 1. Know the symptoms of late blight and the fungus that causes • Module 2. Learn how you live Phytophthora • MODULE 3. CONTROLLING using late blight resistant potato varieties • MODULE 4. CONTROLLING late blight using fungicides • Module 5. Let's visit our plot to control potato late blight These modules were validated through training with a focus on knowledge management in three FFS of the Bolivar Province. They were also used to adjust these materials. This process was very dynamic, all changes that were made were subject to suggestions of farmers, experts in the field of late blight, agricultural extension and development of training materials. The result of this work is a guide to facilitate the learning of potato late blight, the same is intended to be used by field school facilitators and others interested in the subject. It is hoped that this guide is given before planting a potato to put into practice the concepts covered in the guide and that are necessary for proper management of the disease.
Evaluar la eficiencia de la multiplicación asexual en cacao (theobroma cacao) al aplicar ácido giberélico en la zona de Caluma.
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agronómica, 2007) Rojas Montero, Ángel Isaac; Sánchez Morales, José Antonio
Cocoa is native to Mexico, whose fermented seeds, toasted and ground tropical plant the key ingredient of chocolate is obtained. The main producers of cocoa are; Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Africa and Central America. (Ospina, J.1995). Cocoa cultivation in one form or another has spread and today is cultivated in almost all tropical and subtropical areas of the globe (Ochse, M.1998). Currently almost three million tons of cocoa produced worldwide. Cocoa production in Ecuador is 88,000 metric tons (Fernandez, J. 2000). At the level of the Province of Bolivar production is 958 tons distributed in the areas of Caluma, Echeandía, ships and San Luis de Pambil, with an area of approximately 17 984 hectares (INEC. 2002). A cantonal cocoa farming is of great importance since it depends on the economy of much of the farmers it has been successfully adapted to this area resulting in excellent production both in quantity and quality (Rojas, A. 2005). In the canton Caluma cocoa it is currently a source of income for farmers, since it is the second most after orange. The cantonal production is 230 tons spread over 4,770 hectares. (MAG. 2000). The application of plant growth regulators is widespread in many cultures and with it very different and specific objectives pursued. The plant growth regulator is a synthetic hormone. The organic substance is a hormone that is synthesized within the plant and that at low concentrations, can activate, inhibit, or modify their growth. Its fundamental action is to accelerate or slow certain stages of plant development. (Yuste, P 2000). Gibberellins are chemically related substances gibberellic acid. They are characterized mainly by their influence on stem elongation and therefore the greater plant growth. (Soberón, J. 2005). Gibberellic acid (GA) produces elongation and stem cells with a similar indoleacetic acid (IAA) but not identical effects. That acts in many tissues where indoleacetic acid is ineffective or inhibitory and vice versa. In some tissues, whether applied indoleacetic acid having a greater stimulatory effect of lengthening normal. This suggests that the action of gibberellin occurs somewhere that precedes the action of auxin in the reaction sequence leading to growth stimulation by elongation. Indoleacetic acid effects are related to protein synthesis and act at the level of enzyme induction or transcription deoxidized ribonucleic acid (DNA). Gibberellic acid stimulates cell division in the apex of the stem and stem elongation. (Bidwell, R. 1993). In asexual propagation by grafting once the grafts begin to sprout gibberellic acid is applied in order to obtain as quickly as possible and therefore grafting plants of good quality and in less time to meet the producers of this noble Fruit (INIAP. 1999).
Diagnóstico agrícola y uso potencial del suelo de tres comunidades del Cantón Guano (Chipza, Cahuají Alto y Cruz de Mayo) afectadas por la caída de ceniza volcánica del Tungurahua, Provincia de Chimborazo
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agronómica, 2008) Silva Maldonado, Marcela Carolina; Yánez García, Rodrigo
Flower production level of the world is another of the activities of agriculture, leading from the start with crops for exports, becoming a large-scale business. The advance in communications and commerce have propelled aerial activity is strongly in recent years. Large consumers are the most developed countries. United States, Japan, Germany, France, Italy and Norway. (Http://www.ecuadorexporta.org) In 2005 there were in Ecuador 393 hectares in overall production of floriculture crops and export revenues were US $ 3,420,311, compared with 2001 growth of 514% is observed and compared to 2003 was 40% with export volumes USD 55880 and USD 24.4302 million; while in 2006 until February had an income of USD 580170. In other floriculture represents 10% of total exports of the agricultural sector. (Http://www.ecuadorexporta.org) The Third National Agricultural Census 2000 recorded the following information on the cultivation of permanent floriculture: Growing roses; 594 hectares, 34,035,708 plants, total 316 372 371 stems. You hypericum cultivation with 75 plants 7.52 million, 11.28 million stems totals. (Http://www.agroecuador.com) The province stands out in terms of flower cultivated surface is Pichincha, with approximately 66% of the total area (which breaks down into 49.6% of permanent flowers and transient 16.4%), followed by Cotopaxi 12.1% of the surface, Azuay with 5.8%, 5% Imbabura, Pichincha 4.4% (only permanent crops), and the other provinces with 6.6% of the cultivated surface of flowers. (Http://www.sica.gov.ec) Floriculture occupies abundant labor. Currently provide direct employment to 36 500 people, and indirectly has stimulated the creation of related activities such as land trading companies, freight forwarders, transport companies air freight and storage of agrochemicals, craft workshops mechanical agricultural equipment, electricians, carpenters and other activities. (Http://www.hoy.com.ec) Today the (Hypericum sp.), Occupies the eleventh position within the fifty best selling flowers in the world of flowers, becoming the berry bush most successful of the moment color. ('Agro' 2001) The company HILSEA INVESTMENTS LTD., Producer of various species of cut flowers including Hypericum (Hypericum sp.), Has invested large economic sectors in soil disinfection to counter attack the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne sp.), And conscious that contributes to the degradation of the planet; seeking new alternatives, to identify genotypes resistant to nematode attack. It is very important to possess resistant germplasm, to start a breeding program in order to obtain resistant varieties. (Guerrero, M. 2007)
Inventario de enfermedades fungosas de la uvilla (physalis peruviana) en las parroquias de Yaruqui y Amaguaña del Cantón Quito, provincia de Pichincha.
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agronómica, 2008) Chicaiza Guagrilla, Graciela Del Pilar; Salazar Ramos, Sonia María
This research was conducted in the laboratory of Phytopathology SESA "Tumbaco", located in the province of Pichincha, Canton Quito, Tumbaco Parish, at an altitude of 2465 m The objectives were:  Identify fungal diseases in growing uvilla in each of the sectors under study  characterize diseases based on potogenicidad affecting mushroom cultivation uvilla in each of the sectors  determine the percentage of incidence and severity of each of the diseases affecting the cultivation uvilla For the development of this research diseased plants uvilla (Physalis peruviana) from four farms were obtained as: Farm Parish Yaruqui Otto and Santa Rosa sector and Farm Parish Amaguaña, sector Cocha collected were taken to Phytopathology laboratory to make the appropriate insulation. Factor in the study was: Identification of fungal diseases uvilla For analysis and interpretation of descriptive statistics was used and the following variables were evaluated 1. Diseases that attack the root: Incidence of infection in root Severity of root infection 2. Diseases that attack the stem: Incidence of infection in stem Severity of infection in stem 3. Diseases present in leaves: Severity of infection leaves 4. Diseases that attack flowers: Incidence of infection in flores.- 5. Diseases that attack the fruit: Incidence of infection in the fruto.- The plant material used was the seeds of plants uvilla Seedbeds, transplant and low greenhouse inoculation were performed at a temperature of 21-32 ° C and a humidity of 90%. After analyzing the following results: The fungus Alternaria sp. Is present in the aerial part of the plants in both leaves and stems fungus rapidly invades tissues causing mild to severe damage defoliation of plants may occur when there is a strong attack has an incidence of 4 to 7% and severity in a 17 and 19% in both Yaruqui and Amaguaña. The fungus Cladosporium sp. was found as a contaminant in the leaves and stems of the plants has a lower incidence of 6% and 13% less severe in the parish of Yaruqui and Amaguaña, Fusarium sp. Causes damage to the root system, leaving the helpless ground, causing yellowing and necrosis of leaves later, progressing towards the apex slowly wilt and plant death, with an incidence of 4 to 8% in both Yaruqui and Amaguaña, and a severity of 23 and 26% in the two parishes.
Determinación de parásitos en pescados mas comercializados, en los mercados 10 de noviembre y 24 de mayo (bellavista), ubicado en el cantón Guaranda, provincia Bolivar.
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, 2008) Ulloa Ulloa, Lourdes Anita; Carrasco Mancero, Washington
This research aims at identifying parasites in most traded in markets November 10 and May 24 (Bellavista), located in the canton Guaranda, Bolivar province fish; using comparative analysis and exhibited works in other countries. The study divided into four 256 fish species managed: Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) 25%, Lisa (Mugil aphalus) 25%; Guanchiche (Hoplias microlepis) 25% Catfish (Hexanematichthys sp) 25%. The analysis and results in laboratories demonstrate a total parasitism of 66.40%, indicating its prevalence is high by zoo hygienic existing measures in fisheries, transport and sale. Importantly, the prevalence of protozoa and nematodes on reaching acanthocephalan 59.37%, followed by a 26.56% and 14.07%. Of the 256 fish Lisa mention the parasites of fish 90.6%, 82.8% guanchiche, Catfish Tilapia 72% and 20.3%. Saying that due to the existing unhealthy in some lakes, lagoons and rivers parasitism is not specific in certain fish species causing damage but is generally in the same animals and consumers. It states that both their weight, gender, age or length has no effect for invasive action of these living organisms and their host tissue damage. In general, both in the market as Bellavista May 24 it can be seen that as the hours pass without refrigeration and outdoor these affect a greater extent than those with cooling prevalent parasitic infestations and development in a high degree. Ronozyme doses VP (CT) applied to chickens objects of this research, did not influence feed conversion of birds. The total mortality rate reported in this study was 0.89%, was within the parameters of acceptability in a poultry farm; which it shows us that is not directly related to the administration or not Ronozyme VP (CT). The best cost benefit was directly proportional to the enzyme using VP Ronozyme (CT); overall average of T2 to T5 are reported RB / C 1.17; the use of the enzyme is profitable for poultry
Obtención de una bebida alimenticia a partir del lacto suero de queso fresco, en la planta de lácteos de la Universidad Estatal de Bolívar.
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agroindustrial, 2008) Altuna Vásquez, José Luis; Merino, Oderay
The whey can be used to get a drink for human consumption and not follow desaprovechándola, national and regional strategies to use profitably cheese whey are few, there is no study or a technology applied to this type Product and very few public or private companies that support this type of research. Whey drinks are common in Europe for several decades, in general terms with this research is to demonstrate the feasibility to manufacture nutritional milk drinks milk substitutes. This work aims to develop a set of information to obtain a nutritional drink based on cheese whey, using agro-techniques for making food beverages; statistical methods for data processing; organoleptic test by a panel of tasters, and once determined the best example microbiological analysis is performed to determine the sanitary quality of the product. So through this research to provide stakeholders an opinion on this very topical. The realization of this research is warranted in order to add value to whey as seen above does not produce own sustainability. And to comply with all the activities to be undertaken following objectives.
Respuesta de cuatro líneas promisorias de quinua dulce (Chenopodium quínoa will) a la aplicación de abono orgánico y químico en las localidades de Tagma y Laguacoto II, provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingenieria Agroindustrial, 2008) Arévalo Tenelema, Transito María; Yuquilema Huebla, Mirian Leonor; Monar Benavides, Carlos
La Quinua es reconocida mundialmente por sus excelentes cualidades alimenticias, también ha sido denominada como el alimento más completo que posee la humanidad, por lo que constituye un producto de excepcionales cualidades nutritivas, cuyo cultivo puede adaptarse muy fácilmente a las nuevas exigencias de los mercados por alimentos de origen orgánico. Por sus elevadas cualidades nutricionales, (Chenopodium quínoa, Will), al igual que el maíz, amaranto, oca, melloco, papa, y muchos otros cultivos autóctonos, constituyó históricamente uno de los principales alimentos del hombre andino, lo que contribuyó a la seguridad y soberanía humana. Actualmente el cultivo de quinua tiene buena demanda en mercados de la Unión Europea, Japón, Canadá y USA, principalmente por sus excelentes características nutricionales, que se compara a la calidad nutricional de la leche materna, The Contracting Society, se encuentra en estos momentos realizando estudios para la producción de leche de quinua a escala, a fin de complementar el mercado de las leches sin lactosa, con alternativas más ricas en proteínas y vitaminas. Por otra parte, los precios pagados en mercados europeos y estadounidenses por tonelada métrica de quinua orgánica son elevados, hasta cinco veces más que el precio internacional de la soya por tonelada métrica. Además se ha considerado que los cultivos andinos tienen una gran incidencia en la economía del campesino y por lo tanto del Ecuador- (INIAP, 1.987). Quinua, planta conocida también como arrocillo, trigo inca, kiuna (en quechua), quinua (en mapuche) y arroz del Perú. Es netamente americana (Andes de Colombia, Perú, Ecuador, Chile y Bolivia), y se cultiva desde hace unos 3.000 a 5.000 años. De la planta de quinua se obtiene una fécula con la cual se prepara un tipo de galleta, pan y una bebida que, según su grado de fermentación, puede ser aloja o chicha. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2.006. © Las expectativas de cultivarla, han crecido entre los agricultores del Ecuador, Perú y Bolivia, debido a la demanda que ha empezado a generarse en los mercados locales e internacionales. La quinua, fue el alimento preferido por los aztecas, mayas e incas, y hoy se han convertido en los mejores alimentos para los viajes espaciales, Investigadores de la NASA consideran a la Quinua como un alimento excepcionalmente completo y balanceado, muy útil para ser utilizado por los astronautas. En el Ecuador, la producción de quinua, en orden de importancia, se da en Imbabura, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, Carchi, Tungurahua y Bolívar. En las demás provincias se ha extinguido o no es significativa. Tomado de la Revista "Cultivos Controlados", Agosto 2001. En la provincia Bolívar el cultivo de (Chenopodium quínoa, will), no ha sido explotado en gran escala, debido a la falta de información técnica, al poco conocimiento y participación de los campesinos sobre el desarrollo de este cultivo. Se estima una superficie cultivada de 500 has con un rendimiento promedio de 950 kg. /ha. (Monar, C. 2.000). En el ciclo 2002-2003 participan en el programa ERPE¹, 5.604 familias de las cuales 5.313 están produciendo quinua y 291 producen amaranto, el número de familias indicadas están ubicadas en 156 comunidades de las provincias de Chimborazo, Bolívar y Cotopaxi, ya que son alternativas válidas para la consecución de beneficios económicos y educacionales que sirven para señalar caminos para la gente pobre del Ecuador particularmente en las provincias serranas. Ferpe @ erpe.Org.ec. ¹. Escuelas Radiofónicas Populares del Ecuador. Las prácticas orgánicas ofrecen granos de calidad integral, es decir, con cualidades nutricionales, de sanidad (sin plaguicidas ni elementos nocivos), de apariencia física y sabor, que hacen que la quinua sea más apreciada comercialmente, con precios entre 15 y 30% mayores al del producto convencional, por su contribución a la seguridad e inocuidad alimentaría. Actualmente se dispone de una sola variedad comercial de quinua dulce como es el INIAP — Tunkahuan, en cualquier momento perderá su resistencia o tolerancia al complejo de enfermedades foliares, y debido a la creciente demanda de los diferentes segmentos del mercado con valor agregado de quinua, fue necesario continuar con el proceso de evaluaciones participativas de cuatro líneas promisorias de quinua dulce con enfoque agro ecológico con el uso racional de fertilizantes químicos y orgánicos como la ECOabonaza, siendo los actores principales el INIAP, la UEB y los productores /as. En esta investigación, se plantearon los siguientes objetivos: Medir el efecto de la fertilización química y orgánica sobre 10 componentes principales del rendimiento de quinua. Evaluar la respuesta de cuatro accesiones de quinua dulce en dos localidades del cantón Guaranda. Realizar la transferencia de tecnología a los agricultores /as a través de dos actividades de investigación participativa en planta y en poscosecha, con énfasis a las características, agronómicas, morfológicas y nutricionales.
Diagnóstico del uso y manejo actual del suelo para el desarrollo de un plan de capacitación en conservación de suelo en zonas de intervención de la plataforma de la papa en Quero y guano.
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agronómica, 2008) Ibarra Echeverría, Isidro Xavier; Monar Gavilánez, Nelson Arturo
The Quero and Guano cantons, located in the central area of the Sierra region Ecuador, have climatic and soil conditions favorable for potato cultivation. This account is based on the different production systems existing in these cantons, also constitutes the greatest source of income for families. According to information provided by farmers in the area in recent years the yields of different crops have decreased considerably. Between the causes mentioned farmers to reduce yields They are: misuse of agricultural machinery, overwork on land that is located on slopes and the irrational use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers. The cultivation of potatoes for its establishment and maintenance requires many work. The use of tractor in soil preparation is widespread, so shows 53.3% of farmers who used the tractor to plow discs remove and flip the ground. A visible feature in the study areas is the presenting irregular land topography. 52.7% of units They have production sites with an inclination from 15 ° to 30 ° (short side). Wind and rain are other factors present in the area which added to the First are the main factors of soil erosion. The institutions that are part of the platform of the Pope in Quero and Guano They have been working for the benefit of small and medium organizations potato farmers in these cantons. Among the activities that comprise the organization, planned production, marketing, research and training according to the needs and problems and crop areas. Training on integrated management of the potato crop it has been steady. Management being He ground an important and of interest to farmers in areas subject was raised research on this aspect. The main objective of this research was proposed was to conduct a Current diagnostic use and soil management to develop a plan training farmers in soil conservation in areas of intervention Pope platform in Quero and Guano. Part of the platform of the Pope in Quero and nine groups of Guano farmers. Of these we selected the five oldest groups for research, these were Shaushi, Jaloa Beach, Hualcanga San Francisco, Hualcanga San Luis and Santa Fe de Galan. Farmers who make up these groups surveys are applied to determine the use and management that give the soil and potential for conservation practices. To develop the plan training two groups of farmers were selected based on three criteria: degree organizational interest for training and the problem of soil erosion; the groups selected were: Hualcanga Shaushi and San Francisco, both located in the canton Quero. According to the reality of the areas mentioned and from the knowledge and interest of producers, a training plan was developed to respond to the soil erosion problems in what is included and agronomic practices mechanical soil conservation. The training was conducted in seven sessions on dates set by farmers. Before the training, it was built learning tools. The training plan was designed and implemented in 7 sessions. Farmers Shaushi group averaged 5.8 attended sessions, while Farmers in San Francisco 4.5 Hualcanga training on average. Although soil erosion is a visible phenomenon in the study areas, before training only 19.1% of these farmers know that is the soil erosion. With the training he got 83.9% of farmers knows this. Factors that farmers came to regard as causes of erosion are: rain, wind, man's work and the work of tractor. A level of the two groups, at the end of the training process, farmers They reached 89.7% of knowledge on the issues, increasing by 16% in their knowledge of the land and conservation practices. In Shaushi the initial knowledge was 79.0% and increased 12.3% and San Hualcanga Francisco initial knowledge was 65.3% of the topics discussed ultimately increasing by 22%.
Diagnóstico y caracterización botánica de plantas medicinales en la zona agroecológica de Río Verde, cantón Echeandía, provincia Bolívar
(Unievrsidad Estatal de Bolívar. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agroforestal, 2008) Carvajal Apunte, Jesús Rebeca; Monar Gavilanez, Nelson Arturo
This research was conducted in Rio Verde Campus Echeandía belonging to Canton, Bolivar Province, Ecuador. PRE has a very humid montane forest (bmhPM). With rainfall of 2500-3000 mm. With a water deficit less than 250mm., Drought in July and December, January and March rains, strong sun August, January and February wind. The objectives were: • Diagnose and botanical characterization of medicinal plants in the agro-ecological zone of Rio Verde. • Characterize morphologically to each of the relevant medicinal plants in the area. • Develop a botanical inventory of existing relevant medicinal plants in the area. To collect this information, a questionnaire with clear and easily understood questions aimed at 50 local families, after obtaining the diagnosis of medicinal plants sector, in the laboratory was characterized morphologically using the stereo microscope was applied organs was observed vegetative; type of inflorescence, flower, fruit, seed and flower shape of each of the samples obtained in the field. A description of farmers was conducted in relation to the gender of the household head, identification, knowledge, existence, amount, sites and use of medicinal plants in the study area. And diagnosis and morphological characterization of medicinal plants that dominate the sector Rio Verde. Existing and prevailing in the medicinal species are found in the wild and / or cultivated, taken into account the ten relevant plants that characterization was performed more frequently use guabiduca, basil, guava, lemon grass, grass good, plantain, mastrante, mint, lemon balm and verbena, because they are wild medicinal plants that provide multiple uses. The genre of farmers / as in the sector. 44% women who know of existing plants within the estate, 40% men. And some 16%, as the case of grandparents brothers guys are acting as head of household in the absence of a parent. 38% of the families surveyed have planted herbs in their gardens around their homes, in order to have greater access to them and 12% have not sown, meaning that most people retain this resource. 100% of the families living in the area known existing medicinal plants. The consumption of most plants is in infusion, juices and extracts is the so fewer farmers consume medicinal plants. 100% of inhabitants indicate that some species of medicinal plants that previously existed are disappearing. Most notable was the interest of the peasants-as conserve medicinal plants in their gardens, fences or around their homes, so to access them more easily when they need it. Give them the benefit these families medicinal species of this sector are purely curative, to relieve stomach pains, fever, shock, infections, inflammations, cramps ghosts prepared extracts, plasters and clean.
Evaluación agronómica de dos líneas de arveja (pisum sativum l) y su efecto a la fertilización química y orgánica, en el Cantón Chimbo
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agronómica, 2008) Prado Velasquez, Luís Alfredo; Monar Benavides, Carlos Marcial
Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a legume that is grown in almost everyone, although it is more suited to temperate, cold and wet climates. As a cultivated plant is very old and employment in the food and feed it back to 6000-7000 BC. Although dry peas are produced almost everywhere, the areas that are most relevant are located in Asia and Europe. In total, worldwide 6.5 million hectares is cultivated, with a production of 11 million tonnes and average yields around 1,700 Kg. / Ha dry. With regard to green peas, world culture amounts to 806 000 ha, with a production of 5.2 million tons with an average yield of 6,467 kg. / Ha. (Verissimo, L. 2000). World demand for grain is currently on production, determining that at the beginning of the third millennium 826 million men, women and children suffer from hunger. Furthermore, if one takes into account the projected population growth for the next decades it might ask How can feed a world population that will be 8,300 million for the year 2225? (FAO, 2005). Production in Ecuador is divided into dry crop which occupies an area of 12,696 ha, of which 38% corresponds to the province of Bolivar in first place and harvest in tender with 12,206 ha in the first province Chimborazo with 26% and the province Bolívar in fifth place with 10% (MAG, 1995). Since the pea is relatively short cycle and has a little extended root system and fails to fully exploit the soil, it requires a high supply of available nutrients to develop and produce high yields. So in the initial state, the plant must absorb nitrogen from the soil while the contribution made symbiotic bacteria is not available. From this moment, usually applied through fertilization is not necessary. The soil must provide the other nutrients, hence the need to fertilize and fertilizer to apply, which are determined by the availability of nutrients and the same demands of the plant; that is, it must be ordered for each particular situation. (Monsalve, M). Currently market requirements demand crops suitable for agribusiness and preference for healthy products free of pesticide residues, to ensure food security. The problems of this crop in the province Bolivar and especially in the canton Chimbo and territorial area being suitable for this crop, most farmers do not engage in this farming extensively by low production because the soils are degraded and have little knowledge regarding the management of chemical and organic fertilization on soil conservation tillage. Due to the demands of market production, virtually almost all producers engaged in this culture, use modern inputs. The growth of pea production in Ecuador and the world is accompanied by an increase in unsafe use of chemical fertilizers and agricultural pesticides, which threatens the sustainability of the agricultural sector and food security of our country. The varieties currently grown, are susceptible to root disease complex (Pythium sp, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia sp) and leaf (Anthracnose, Alternaria sp and Ascochyta sp), being necessary to validate promising lines with resistance to these pathogens and responding to needs of different segments or links in the agri-food chain. Besides inadequate and unsure of agrochemicals, fertilizers and additives in food production, use make these soils containing toxic waste, making it necessary to initiate a process of improving degraded soils, with the use of organic fertilizers such as Ecoabonaza to contribute to food security products free of toxic residues and medium term ecological and organic products offer good quality.
Evaluación del rendimiento de cerdos del cruce Landrace Pietrain utilizando cuatro dosis de Zeranol en la etapa de Crecimiento–Engorde Cantón Guaranda Provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, 2008) Mayorga Camacho, Edison Javier; Cordova, Fredy; Aldaz Cardenas, Jaime Wilfrido
In the pig program of the Medicine School Veterinaria and Zootecnia of the State University of Bolivar; located to 2840msm, in the sector of Laguacoto 2 km ½ via a San Simon, Guaranda corner province Bolivar; an investigation with the purpose was made of evaluating the yield of pigs using Zeramec in the stage fattening growth. The experimental work lasted of 120 days, were used 16 pigs of the crossing Landrace + Pietrain of 60 days of age and 23Kg of weight, distributed in 4 experimental units and 4 treatments: T1 (0ml/33kg), T2 (0.40ml/33Kg), T3 (0.8ml/33kg) and T4 (1.20ml/33Kg). I am applied a design completely at random, the test of Ducan for the separation of averages, each treatment had 4 repetitions. The biological behavior of pigs of the Landrace crossing - Pietrain as opposed to the use of different doses from Zeramec was not satisfactory in all the analyzed variables. The initial weight of the animals in average was 23Kg; the best weights were distributed of the following way; in the first 7, 14, 21 and 28 days were for the T4 treatment (1.20ml/33Kg) with 25.75Kg, 28.5Kg, 31.5Kg and 34Kg respectively; to the 35, 42, 49, 56, 64, 71 and 78 days were for the T2 treatment (0.40ml/33Kg) with: 37.25Kg, 40.75Kg, 45kg, 49,25, 52.5Kg, 56.5kg and 60 .5Kg in its order; to start off of the 85, 92, 99, 106 and 113 days it returns to be the T4 treatment that would prevail with values of 66.5Kg, 71.5Kg, 76Kg, 79.75Kg and 84Kg respectively, but contradictorily finished being treatment T3 (0.80ml/33Kg) the one that greater weight reached with 85.5Kg. The gain of weight I do not demonstrate difference, to the 7 days was for treatment T3 (0.80ml/33Kg) with 2.5Kg; to the 14 days for the T4 treatment (1.20ml/33Kg) with 2.75Kg; for days 21, 28, and 35 were for the T2 treatment (0.40ml/33Kg) with 3.75Kg, 3.5Kg and 3.5Kg respectively, for the 42 days prevails treatment T3 with 3.75Kg, to the 49 days is the treatment t2 with 4.25Kg, to 56días for treatment T3 with 4,75, for the 64 days is the T2 treatment with 3.25Kg, for days 71, 78 and 85 correspond to the T4 treatment with 4,75, 6,75 and 6.75Kg in their order, days 92 and 99 for the T2 treatment with 5,75 and 5.25Kg; for days 106 and 113 for the treatment witness T1 (0ml/33Kg) with 4.75Kg and 5.75Kg; and when finalizing the investigation was again the treatment T3 that surpassed to the other treatments with 4.5Kg The most efficient nutritious conversion was reflected in the T4 in the days 14 with 1.37, up-to-date 28 the T3 with a nutritious conversion of 1.56; while for the day 42 the treatment T1 had a value of 1.73. A day 56 and 71 sample a significant statistical difference, the T4 shows better nutritious conversion respectively with 1.73 and 1.80; for the T3 to the 85 days with 1.91 sample better nutritious conversion. A days 99 the T4 is the one that has better nutritious conversion with 1.93; to the 106 days of the experiment it was appreciated that the treatment witness (T1), it shows better nutritious conversion with a value of 1.85. When concluding the investigation 120 days the T3 he/she has better nutritious conversion with 1.92, although I only overcome to the treatment T2 with 1.95. For the conversion total alimenticia one can notice an almost similar behavior in the treatments T1, T3 and T4, nevertheless the treatment T3 reflection a nutritious expense of 1.81Kg to produce 1 Kg of weight. The economic evaluation, reported bigger expense the treatment T4 ($651.25res with a loss of - $118.05es, that of smaller investment was for the treatment witness with $611.25 and a loss of - $78.05. The relationship benefits cost it was not good in any treatment. As final recommendation can be indicated the use possible of 0.8ml/33Kg of zeramec to improve the yield of the weight to the channel but as long as is used jointly it with you indent nutritional alternatives stops of this form lower the price of the production cost.
Evaluación de la pérdida del suelo por erosión hídrica en tres sistemas de producción en la microcuenca de la quebrada Chilcapamba, Cantón Chillanes, Provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agronómica, 2008) Chela Morocho, Efraín Edwin; Monar Gavilanez, Nelson Arturo
This work of investigation was made in the year 2007 - 2008, in the locality of the Vaquería, Chillanes region, Province Bolivar. In this investigation considered the following objectives: to determine the amount of soil that loses by effect of the superficial draining in the production systems grass, maize and bean in monoculture; to calculate the superficial draining in the production systems; to make the economic analysis of the reduction in the productivity of the headings in study by effect of the hydric erosion. In the province of Bolivar, 92% of the surface correspond to slope soils, of which 45% are in processes of critical erosion, had mainly to the inadequate use of the farming practices associated to the climatic and edáficas conditions of the zone. The most serious form of degradation of the soil is the caused one by the hydric erosion that depends on the amount, intensity, duration, diameter of the drop of water, speed and kinetic energy of the drops of rain, slope level, cover of the soil and deficient practices of conservation. Of the microriver basin of the Alumbre river, studies are not registered that quantify the degradation of the soil caused by the hydric erosion in the main production systems. Therefore, the INIAP with the support of SANREM CRSP, at random implemented a study with the main cultures of the zone (grass, maize and bean) in Desing of Complete Blocks with three treatments and three repetitions, were made analysis of variance and test of the Tukey to 5%. The variables that were evaluated are volume of water by precipitation, slipped volume of water, gross weight of sediments in suspension, coefficient of draining, infiltrated volume of water, sediment gross weight per year and the loss of macro and micronutrients. The results show that the production system that favored the loss of soil is the maize. In the production system of grass the smaller amount of loss of soil was registered, thus contributes to the conservation of this resource. The production systems in which the greater superficial draining was registered correspond to bean and maize. In the system maize it is where greater losses of macro and micronutrients of the soil take place. The production system of maize with high precipitation levels favors the superficial draining with greater drag sediments and its direct incidence on the loss of fertility of soil. The production 60 system of grass favors the greater amount of infiltration of the rainwater. The erosion of the soil not only generates physical and environmental problems in the subriver basin, but in addition socioeconómicas repercussions in the homes, economic losses by the reduction of the productivity of the cultures on which the familiar sustenance depends. Finally it is recommended to design and to implement alternative technological friendly with the environment for the sustainable production of the productive and economic headings of the subriver basin and to generate spaces for the socialization of the information generated to motivate and to enable to agricultores/as in alternatives technological that the conservation of soils in the subriver basin foments.
Evaluación de diferentes dosis de Ronozyme VP (CT) en el desarrollo productivo de pollos broiler en el cantón Chimbo
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, 2008) Ponce Cepeda, Edison Vicente; Guillin, Rodrigo
In recent decades chicken meat has been standing at a place of preference for consumption. And in our country specifically, however, that he suffered a difficult process for acceptance, it has now become one of the most dynamic economic activities in the agricultural sector. Poultry production has contributed significantly in providing animal protein way, helping to solve a serious problem that affects human survival, the hungry! "In the most recent report by the FAO, world production of chicken 59.8 million tons was recorded. Of the total, 12% was for export, while the rest took care to meet the needs of the domestic market in each country. USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) The main producers of chicken are USA with 24% of world production, followed by China with 16%, Brazil with 10% and Mexico with 3%, ranking fourth as a world producer. " "In Ecuador, the annual consumption is 22 kilos per chicken. The supply of chicken meat increased from 250000-283000 tons per year in two years, fueled by higher consumption of the product in the country. Despite the economic situation faced by the agricultural sector due to the financial crisis of 1999, the poultry industry has experienced since 2000 a sustained growth of 12% per annum; which ranks as the fastest growing activity in the sector. According to figures from the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, poultry population in the country increased from 108 million in 2000 to 161 million in 2004. This represents an increase of 49%. Meanwhile, between 2002 and last year the production of poultry meat increased from 250 000 to 283 000 metric tons. The figures are the result of changes in consumer habits of Ecuadorians, who by price and nutritional characteristics now consume more chicken. In 2002, each inhabitant consumed an average of 18 kilograms of chicken meat per year; in 2004, the figure rose to 22 kilograms. Sector productivity has a weight of 10% of the agricultural gross domestic product (GDP), according to the Central Bank; ie 188.38 million dollars "(Posted on 18/07/2005 - Source: The Universe - Ecuador). The poultry farm in Bolivar Province has not had such an important development as has been observed elsewhere in the country, however there. Although a large percentage are family-micro without adequate financial resources and therefore no technological resources.
Respuesta del cultivo de arroz (oriza sativa), a diferentes dosis de fertilización nitrogenada en combinación con micorrizas arbusculares glomus spp en la zona de Ventanas – Provincia los Ríos
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agronómica, 2008) Dávila Espín, Alicia Elizabeth; Espinoza Mora, Kleber Estuardo
Rice (Oryza sativa) is a grass of great importance in the human diet as a source of carbohydrates, is the staple food in many Asian countries and some of South America like Ecuador. (Sucre, M. 2003). The global rice production in 2000 was about 598 million tons. Among cereals, rice ranks first in terms of production volume, followed by corn and wheat. Asian crops account for over 90% of world rice production and the main producers are China, with 31.8% of production, and India (22.4%). In Europe, the main producers are Italy and Spain (Mediterranean climate zones); in absolute terms, yields are much lower than those of countries that engage in this culture vast expanses, but yields are among the highest in the world. (Encarta, 2007). In Ecuador an area of 343 936 hectares were sown; which have been harvested 332.989 ha with an average rice yield of 3.6 MT / ha, being the province of Los Rios the second largest producer of rice in the country, with an average yield of 3.26 MT / ha of rice shell (Ministry of Agriculture, 2003). The planting area is especially located in the province of Los Rios and Guayas representing over 92% of the country's rice production under irrigated conditions 60% and the rest on dry land (Ministry of Agriculture, 2003). The decline of biodiversity of ecosystems and agro ecosystems are the example of the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals in conventional farming, as well as the pollution of natural resources (water, soil, and air) and imbalance (Bermudez, 2004) . Because these causes and among other there is the urgent need to restore the agro-ecological balance, without diminishing the productive responses in order to achieve comprehensive development of ecosystems through the use of technologies framed in a clean or organic-sustainable agriculture (Sucre, M. 2003). At the present time after some years of being immersed in the so-called "Green Revolution" we are at the beginning of the "Sustainable Agriculture" which aims to reduce to a minimum the use of pesticides and increase the efficient sound management of biological resources achieve maintain yields achieved in conventional agriculture or increase considerably reducing production costs, especially as relates to chemical fertilization (Hernandez, M. 2003). It has been determined that positive returns can be achieved using a specialized group of aerobic fungi called mycorrhizae Glomus spp), and which supply plants nutritional elements necessary for its development and high productivity through fungus-plant symbiotic relationship. (Duchicela, 2004). It is stated that the amounts of chemical fertilizers applied only are exploited by 20% whereas normally the rest is fixed or is leached into soil adverse conditions caused by extreme pH values and aluminum in acid soils or calcium and magnesium, among others in alkaline soils; under these conditions the use of mycorrhizae can recover nutrients and used by plants in a much larger amount (Rivera, 1996). These fungi when inoculated mycorrhizal crop roots establish an advantageous symbiosis obtaining the following benefits: -Increase In plant growth and crop yields, which usually range from 20-60%. -Increase The use of fertilizers and soil nutrients N, P, K, Cu, B, and others and thus decreasing costs for the implementation of these inputs. -the Root system protection against certain fungal diseases, also protect soils against degradation and contribute to the regeneration thereof. (Duchicela, 2004) - The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil (Monar, C. 2006) are improved

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