Agroforestal

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Adaptación y caracterización morfológica de plantas medicinales subtropicales del cantón Echeandía, provincia de Bolívar
(UEB.FCCAF.IF, 2013) Borja Barragán, Carmen Elizabeth; Chimbo Rochina, José Manuel
The medicinal plants contribute to the invigoration of the programs of health and also to the economy of the Ecuador. They are different the forms in those that take advantage the plants an according space continue growing the world population. Most won't have access to the medications of the industry pharmacists. The present investigation was developed in the experimental farm Echeandía of the State University of Bolívar, canton Echeandía, province Bolívar, located to an altitude of 600 mls. They thought about the following objectives: i) Establish a bank germoplásmico of medicinal plants in the canton Echeandía. ii) Identify and to characterize each one of the medicinal plants. iii) Create a database of plants medicinally for future investigations. It was used fifty species of subtropical medicinal plants to those that he/she was carried out a descriptive statistic being calculated Frequency (F), Percentage of the frequency (% f), arithmetic mean (Ẍ), Maxima (Max) and Minima (Min). The main results were: The morphological and agronomic characteristics of the plants medicinal employees in this investigation were different for the main evaluated variables. Each species has a report of medicinal use, registered its family, names communes, scientific name including the gender. The variable height of plants, diameter of the shaft, wide equatorial of the leaf, number branches and leaves, longitude of the petiole was evaluated in a sample of 6 plants to the 45 days after the transplant and in the stage flotation fenológyc. Registered 100% of survival in the plants of medicinal. Inside the characterization they were herbaceous type species, arbustive, of pleasant aroma, with different types of leaves, flowers of showy colors, plants that can be cultivated to open field or in gavels, being able to multiply for seeds and vegetative parts. One had presence snails, same that was controlled on time in a manual way
Caracterización agroecologica de la microcuenca Charquiyacu del cantón Echeandia, provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agroforestal, 2011) Carrasco Sánchez, José Gabriel; Ballesteros, Adolfo
This investigation I was realized in the Charquiyacu micro-hollow located to 4 km of the Echeandía corner from the Bolivar province to 1200 m.l.s. with a temperature average of 22°C, and an annual average precipitation of 2300 mm, where the following objectives considered: i) To elaborate a diagnosis of the present situation of the micro-hollow, II) To realize an inventory of Flora and existing Fauna in the Charquiyacu micro-hollow and III) Elaboration of a map of Zoning of the Charquiyacu micro-hollow. In order to successfully obtain the information surveys, rising 100% were used altogether (12 families). For the analysis of the information descriptive statistic was used that both allowed the identification of more excellent production systems of the micro-hollow. In relation to the social area we can notice that the familiar nucleus this composed by 51% of men 49% of women. In the micro-hollow of the Charquiyacu river the main production system is sugar cane – and grasses Where agriculture is the predominant activity and more of 69% of the economically active population is dedicated to her, and its level of education consists of 91% to primary and secondary education whereas 9% correspond to education superior; in addition the Earth possession or use we found that 55% are of pastures (pastures), followed of the 14% of primary forest and surpluses of forests, whereas 31% we found cane cultures of sugar, banana, orange, coffee, Guinean and yucca, these are as well associate to each other. The 55,2% of the total of the population inhabit within the micro-hollow and the 44,8% of the population to migrated to other places for reasons of work and studies. In agreement to the economic aspects within the Charquiyacu micro-hollow we have 75% depends on the agricultural and cattle activity (species majors, minors) and 25% of the income are with manpower (wage), same that are distributed in the basic feeding, education, health, services, clothes and intermediate consumptions of production means. In the Charquiyacu micro-hollow they have a total entrance by the existing activities of production in the area in study (agriculturist, cattle and sale of manpower) is of 155741.6 USD and a 132499,9 debit of USD/año, with average of 1.28USD/día by familiar member. In conclusion it means that by each hectare of the different activities that execute in their production systems this cattle 0.077 USD, existing a deficient value to satisfy the basic needs The agro-ecological Zoning identified the best alternatives of sustainable use of the micro-hollow as it bases technique for his ordering and the advantage of his resources, being this 51.58% of the surface that needs rehabilitation activities in the fragile zones. The results of the morfométricos analysis of the Charquiyacu micro-hollow give an area us of 200.50ha and a perimeter of 6.11km its form is extended with little danger in the days of rain and its direction goes of this the west, owns an order of 3 current and one densidad of drainage of 4.76Km; the maximum precipitation is of 606.7mm and a minimum precipitation 27.2mm. With respect to the flora we have were 20 forest species and 12 predominant bush species like husk, end of axe, fine moral, black stupid moral cedar red, colca and chilco, caddy, straw toquilla. In relation to the fauna we have 25 species of fauna (birds and mammals) wild where but accentuated they are the mount guinea pig, cusumbo, tile, squirrel, rustic sparrowhawk and guatusa and the monkeys due to the destruction of their nutritional chain species them in extinction danger fears guanta to us
Diagnóstico de los recursos naturales de la microcuenca de Charqui Yacú del cantón Echeandía, provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agroforestal, 2009) Vásconez, Andrade Duval; Viscarra, Monar Robert; Yánez García, Angel Rodrigo
Renewable the natural resources water, ground, vegetation and air are the goods of the nature that allow the processes of the life and development In the world every year the forests are reduced; according to the FAO (2003), In our country, the degradation of renewable the natural resources is constant. The deforestation with an annual rate of 163,400 hectares En Ecuador exists approximately 10.557.000 hectares of forests the grass surface has been increased in the country in decline of area of natural forests, the natural vegetal cover has been replaced by different types from uses, like (cultures, grass). Diagnosing the present state of the existing natural resources in micro Charquiyacu river basin of the Echeandía Corner, the boundary of the microriver basin and identification on the use of the ground and hydric network. Knowing the existing production systems in the microriver basin. The identification of the main species of existing flora and fauna in the microriver basin. And determining the hydric availability of the microriver basin. Yacu.se is the objectives of this investigation the present investigation was made in the Province Bolivar Echeandía corner Charqui sector I use the following materials Altimeter, Podadora, GPS, Rain gauge, Lisímetro, Equipment of Software. ArcView GIS 3,2 for the maps Microsoft Office. The methodology which I am applied in I diagnose is the one that is used to study a community or vegetal association within a microriver basin or geographic unit. In order to analyze the data taken from field, a simple program of descriptive statistic, Correlations and regressions. Obtained results the microriver basin Charquiyacu is located to an altitude that goes from 561 ms s.n.m to 1430 ms s.n.m. This area has a surface of 200.5 has is between the following edges: North: Miguel Espi'n and Aníbal Rosero (foot) where exist cultures associate and pastizales. The south: Gualberto Bonilla (head) mountain. This: Aníbal Rosero and Gualberto Bonilla (a flank) Mountain the West: School of Pángala (another Flank) pastizales. One determined that the microriver basin is of form type canelón in where 3 points of main affluence with 8 affluents of second order exist and 2 of third order Within the microriver basin exist 12 proprietors of the 200 earth that occupy 5 is the proprietor who has more land extension is Mr. Jose Villares with 32 has, the predominant production system is the grass with 58,85% of the surface of the microriver basin and 12,22% of natural forest and surpluses of forest.519 animals within the zone of influence exist altogether of which 24,08 % are of cattle in which it talks about arboreal vegetal species we have are 16 different species in where the species predominates chicken eye in which it talks about the shrubs we have to Asan, mountain Coffee and black Chilco that is those that but predominates in the zone you boil Them or crawling species that exist are Roast crawling, Palama, Mote of mountain, Bed I scream, the wild fauna we can say that 12 species of birds exist, Identified 5 species of mammals, being the species with greater I number of 8 animals is the Squirrel the identified reptiles that it has greater I number of animals is the Small lizard the amount of precipitation quantified in the microriver basin is of 566.4 mm by square meter in average at rainy time unlike the 63.23 mm by square meter at dry time these differences clearly must to the climatic factors. The volume of the water that happens through the volumes of the Charquiyacu river basin at the rainy time is in average of 39 liters per second unlike the volume of water that flows at the dry time that is of 25.36 liters per second in average this must to the amount of precipitation presented/displayed at the different times in the zone. An annual average of the hydric availability that offers the microriver basin of Carquiyacu is of 16,16 ltrs/seg. In summer ltrs/seg offers an average of 18,66. In winter ltrs/seg offers an average of 39,00
Diagnóstico y caracterización botánica de plantas medicinales en la zona agroecológica de Río Verde, cantón Echeandía, provincia Bolívar
(Unievrsidad Estatal de Bolívar. Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agroforestal, 2008) Carvajal Apunte, Jesús Rebeca; Monar Gavilanez, Nelson Arturo
This research was conducted in Rio Verde Campus Echeandía belonging to Canton, Bolivar Province, Ecuador. PRE has a very humid montane forest (bmhPM). With rainfall of 2500-3000 mm. With a water deficit less than 250mm., Drought in July and December, January and March rains, strong sun August, January and February wind. The objectives were: • Diagnose and botanical characterization of medicinal plants in the agro-ecological zone of Rio Verde. • Characterize morphologically to each of the relevant medicinal plants in the area. • Develop a botanical inventory of existing relevant medicinal plants in the area. To collect this information, a questionnaire with clear and easily understood questions aimed at 50 local families, after obtaining the diagnosis of medicinal plants sector, in the laboratory was characterized morphologically using the stereo microscope was applied organs was observed vegetative; type of inflorescence, flower, fruit, seed and flower shape of each of the samples obtained in the field. A description of farmers was conducted in relation to the gender of the household head, identification, knowledge, existence, amount, sites and use of medicinal plants in the study area. And diagnosis and morphological characterization of medicinal plants that dominate the sector Rio Verde. Existing and prevailing in the medicinal species are found in the wild and / or cultivated, taken into account the ten relevant plants that characterization was performed more frequently use guabiduca, basil, guava, lemon grass, grass good, plantain, mastrante, mint, lemon balm and verbena, because they are wild medicinal plants that provide multiple uses. The genre of farmers / as in the sector. 44% women who know of existing plants within the estate, 40% men. And some 16%, as the case of grandparents brothers guys are acting as head of household in the absence of a parent. 38% of the families surveyed have planted herbs in their gardens around their homes, in order to have greater access to them and 12% have not sown, meaning that most people retain this resource. 100% of the families living in the area known existing medicinal plants. The consumption of most plants is in infusion, juices and extracts is the so fewer farmers consume medicinal plants. 100% of inhabitants indicate that some species of medicinal plants that previously existed are disappearing. Most notable was the interest of the peasants-as conserve medicinal plants in their gardens, fences or around their homes, so to access them more easily when they need it. Give them the benefit these families medicinal species of this sector are purely curative, to relieve stomach pains, fever, shock, infections, inflammations, cramps ghosts prepared extracts, plasters and clean.
Efectos de tres métodos pregerminativos y tres sustratos en la propagación de melina (Gmelina arborea roxb.) en el recinto Sabanetillas, cantón Echeandía, provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agroforestal, 2012) Muñoz Rendón, Mariano Lauriano; Vera Rendón, Wilson Alfredo; Fierro, Sonia
At world level the ecology is affected by the constant deforestation of the surface terrestrial year to year the arboreal masses they have come diminishing in some American countries Center and Tercermundista for the indiscriminate pruning of the forests, originating desertization processes and degradations of the floors; situation that worries the governments that are taking stocks tenements to the processes of preservation of the forests. The Melina (Gmelina arboreal Roxb) it is a forest species of quick growth and that he/she offers wide possibilities for the development of the reforestation One of the factors that subtract the productivity of this species it is the first floor percentage of germinative of the seed, being necessary to evaluate different methods pregerminativos and types of bases in the nursery stage. This investigation was carried out the experimental farm of the Agricultural Technical College "Sabanetillas”, of the Sabanetillas in the Main Parish of Echeandía to an altitude of 620 mls with a temperature average of 25 oC and an annual precipitation of 1400 mm The objectives that thought about in this investigation were: i) Determine which is the method more appropriate pregerminativo in their propagation. ii) Evaluate the best basis type to obtain the development of the plant. iii) The economic analysis of the partial budget and marginal rate of return. A Design of Complete Blocks was used at random in factorial arrangement 3x3+1 with three repetitions. The Factor A it corresponded to 3 Methods pregerminativos: A1: Scarification of the seed with nitric acid; A2: Treatment with hot water for three minutes and A3: I soak in cold water for 48 hours. The Factor B was 3 types of Bases: B1: 75% of vegetable garden earth more 25% of sand; B2: 75% of vegetable garden earth more 25% of pulp of coffee and B3: % of vegetable garden earth more 25% of sand and 25% of pulp of coffee. Ten treatments were had. Variance analysis was made, test of Tukey to 5%, correlation analysis and regression and budget economic analysis partially and TMR%. 145 The most outstanding results obtained in this investigation were: In the interaction of factors methods pregerminativos for types of bases, the effective treatments were the T7: A3B1 (Seed in soaking with cold water for 48 hours more basis 75% of vegetable garden earth + 25% of sand) and T9: A3B3 (Seed in soaking with cold water for 48 hours more basis 50% of vegetable garden earth + 25% of sand + 25% of pulp of coffee) with 96% of survival of Melina plants to the 90 days. The independent variables that contributed to obtain a percentage of survival of more vigorous Melina plants to the 90 days were: brotación percentage; height of plants to the 60 days; diameter of the shaft to the 60 and 90 days; number of leaves to the 60 and 90 days; wide of the leaf to the 60 days; longitude of the petiole to the 60 days and root volume in cm3. In function of the budget economic analysis the treatment with the best net profit was the T7 partially: A3B1 (Seed in soaking with cold water for 48 hours more basis 75% of vegetable garden earth + 25% of sand) with $. 16,17 and a TMR of 105%. This investigation to contribute to improve the propagation of Melina plants with an effectiveness average of 85%
Establecimiento y evaluación agronómica de dos sistemas agroforestales con base el cultivo cacao (theobroma Cacao L) en el sector Galapagos, cantón Echeandía, provincia Bolívar
(UEB.FCCAG.IAF, 2012) Coloma Ochoa, Marisol; Hurtado Ruiz, Hugo; Yánez García, Angel Rodrigo
The systems agroforestales are guided to allow productive activities under conditions of high fragility, with degraded natural resources, by means of an efficient economic administration, altering to the minimum the ecological stability, that which contributes to reach the sostenibility of the production systems. The investigation was developed in the place Galápagos, canton Echeandía, Bolívar province, to an altitude of 910 m, temperature average of 22oC, precipitation average of 1800 mm. The objectives were: i) Settle down and to evaluate two systems agroforestales agronomical with base the cultivation of cocoa; ii) Evaluate the morphological characteristics and to determine the growth that presents the cultivation of cocoa in each system agroforestals cocoa in the first year of investigation. It was used two systems agroforestales: Triplaris guayaquilensis Weddell and Inga edulis with base of cultivation cocoa. Was carried out statistical analysis to determine the minimum value, maximum, average, relative frequency and percentage of the frequency. The evaluation was carried out to the beginning, 6 and 12 after established the systems agroforestals. The results of this investigation samples that the morphological and agronomic characteristics of the plants of cocoa inside the two systems agroforestales in this area agroecológica, were different for the main evaluated variables. At the end of the investigation the plants of cocoa in the system Triplaris guayaquilensis Weddell, reached a height average of 95,83 cm, with a maximum of 100 cm and the minimum 93 cm. In the system Inga edulis, the height average was of 86,50 cm, the maxim was 101 cm and the minimum 50 cm. To the 12 months, the minimum value and maximum of the diameter of the shaft of the base cultivation inside the system Triplaris guayaquilensis Weddell, it was of 0,45 and 0,69 cm. In the system Inga edulis, the diameter average was of 0,56 cm, a minimum of 0,45 cm and a maximum 0,69 cm. The plants of cocoa of the system Triplaris guayaquilensis Weddell to the 12 months they reached diameter of glass of 69 109,00 cm and in the system Inga edulis was of 103,44 cm. In the system Triplaris guayaquilensis Weddell one had 98,00% apprehension and 91,00% of survival of plants of cocoa; in the system Inga edulis registered an apprehension of 95,00% and a survival of plants of 87,00%. The incidence of Broom Trims glass (Crinipellis pernicious) and Ant arriera (Atta cephalotes) in the base cultivation in the two systems agroforestales, he/she registered respectively to the 6 months with an average of 9,00% and 69%. The systems agroforestales allow us to achieve a stable agricultural production, the forest species by themselves provide other benefits like: food source, wood and they improve the fertility of the floors like it is the case of the guabo
Estudio del impacto agroforestal a los moradores asentados en los márgenes de la vía en mejoramiento Guanujo - Echeandía
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agroforestal, 2012) Chávez Coloma, Laura Beatríz; Landín Chávez, Dely Marianela; Fierro, Sonia
In the Ecuador due to the populational increase is necessary the opening and improvement of highways, which cause big damages agroforestales; this happens when they are not carried out the studies of feasibility in the construction of the roads. The present study looked for to know the grade of damage agroforestal caused by the improvement of the road Guanujo - Echeandía, in which we can appreciate that the damage agroforestal is not very significant. The objectives that thought about in this investigation were: To determine the main factors the residents' of the margins of the road Agroforestales in improvement Guanujo - Echeandía. To analyze the obtained information based on the surveys. This study was carried out in the margins of the road Guanujo - Echeandía, in which was carried out the surveys to the residents of this area, using the stratified sampling. To gather the information he/she was carried out the survey directly to the house residents at home in the sectors of: Guanujo, Chalungoto, Atandahua, Candiushi, Cochapamba, The Glass, Tambo Real,Illuví, Capilluco, Palm Hill, Mulayaco, Lemon, The Dinner, The Painful one, Puruhuay, Shirahuan, Pitiambi, The Houses and San Vicente. The identification of the area was by means of a map satelital of the area in study provided by the Association Caminosca - Thesa, responsible for the studies of the road, in which was determined the sectors of this investigation. The survey was semi structured on the base of open and closed questions using a clear and comprehensible language. For the analysis of the study the statistical program SPSS was used. In this study you concluded the following: The lands of the residents are down in a great majority, reason why a minimum part is leased; these lands also have an irregular topography. In what refers to the land loss for amplification one has that in the stratum 1 80% of those interviewed lost 736 m2; in the stratum 2 93% of those interviewed lost 75 872 m2 and in the stratum 3 74% of those interviewed lost 820 m2; therefore we have that the stratum more you affect for the improvement vial it is the stratum 2. The residents of the Stratum 1, they possess the following cultivations: Pope and cereals (corn, barley, wheat), among the grasses we have: kikuyo, trenches and medic, of forest species is: Pines, Cypress, Eucalyptuses and Fences of Milkman and Tiupitian; in the Stratum 2 the cultivations prevail of: it lives and corn, the grasses that stand out are: Kikuyo and Elephant, of species forest Pines, Eucalyptuses, Fences of Chilca and Platuquero; and finally in the Stratum 3 the cultivations of more production are: Guinean, orange, sugar cane and banana, among the most excellent grasses are: Elephant, Saboya and Brachiaria, and of the forest species that possess they are: Fernán Sánchez, Platuquero, Motilón and Fences of Plum tree, Maté, Patevaca. Along the highway in study the following cultivations were affected mainly: it lives and cane; among the affected grasses we have: the kikuyo; and lastly the affected forest species are the following ones: Fences of Chilca, Tiupitian, Platuqueros, Milkmen, Plum trees, Matés and Patevaca. According to the residents of this sector diminished largely the forest production for the indiscriminate pruning of the trees. In the first Stratum of it determined that if it changed the texture of the floors because you mescla the stony materials with the arable earth; and in the Strata 2 and 3 they agree that it won't change the texture of the floors, because their lands are more inside the road. In the total itinerary of this via it has been determined that 42.13% of affectation exists in the resources floor and it dilutes. Finally in this investigation was demonstrated that in the improvement of the road Guanujo - Echeandía bigger destruction agroforestal doesn't exist in the margins of the same one
Evaluación agronómica de moral fino (Chlorophora tinctoria) con tres tipos de sustrato y tres dosis de ácido giberélico, en el cantón Echeandía provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agroforestal, 2009) Balarezo Calero, Elenita Del Rocío; Fierro Borja, Sonia del Carmen
The moral fine (Chlorophora tinctoria), it is a specie of a great importance at world level from the social, cultural, economic and environmental point of view. The indiscriminate pruning and the inadequacy of sustained programs of forestation pun in risk the existence of this species and many others. One of the factors that determine the low productivity of this specie is the short viability that presents the seeds, the unfavorable environmental conditions, and the insufficient knowledge of the benefits, for what it is necessary to evaluate the sexual propagation of this specie in different bases and gibberellic acid dose in nursery stage. This investigation was carried out in the canton Echeandía to 6 km road to Guaranda to an altitude of 600 msnm osl, with a temperature average of 18o C and an annual precipitation of 2500 mm. The objectives established in this investigation were:  Determine the most excellent agronomic characteristics that present the plants in each one of the treatments.  Study the effect (answer) of the gibberellic acid on the sexual propagation of fine morals.  Determine the best type of basis to obtain the best germination percentage.  Carry out an economic analysis cost/benefit. A complete blocks design was used DBCA at random in factorial arrangement plus a sample 3x3+1 with there repetitions. The A factor corresponded to there types of bases: A1: black soil plus bark of rice, A2 black soil plus guabos soil plus bark of coffee. The factor B corresponds to three gibberellic acid dose: B1: 100 ppm, B2: 200 ppm and B3: 300 ppm of gibberellic acid, 9 treatments were obtained plus a sample with three repetitions with a total of 30 treatments. The chemical of the bases, variance analysis, test of Tukey to 5%, simple analysis of correlation and simple regression and economic analysis were made. The germination of the seed of this specie is from 80 to 100% provided you sow it on time and with an appropriate treatment. As for the control of plagues and illnesses was carried out with Lynx for the earth and the rest was controlled in a homemade way, putting in practice insecticides, fungicides and trap for insects adults were guided to the organic control, in a nursery tree is more efficient this methodology in the definitive place it become more tedious this type of controls. The results most release obtained in is investigation of agreement a the objectives were: Regarding the most excellent agronomic characteristics the treatment what presented the best results in the 70% of the variably was T6 A2B3: soil plus soil guabos a 300 ppm of gibberellic acid. Regarding to the effect of the application of the different doses of gibberellic acid has effect not significant in the 90 % of the variably in is investigation In relation the basis was present the best results in world the variably except in the variably days the brotation DB was the A2: black soil plus soil guabos. As for a the variably AP the plus results se obtained en T6: A2B3: black soil plus soil guabos whit a value of 65,54 cm to 90 days. Regarding to the economic analysis the treatment that presented the smallest cost in relation to the beneficiate was A2: black soil plus guabos soil with a benefice of $ 0,07 dollars
Evaluación agronómica de plántulas de neem (Azadirachta indica A. juss), en vivero utilizando cuatro tipos de sustratos y tres dosis de root most en el cantón Echeandia, provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agroforestal, 2012) Ledesma Ledesma, Carlos Hernán; Ledesma Ledesma, Willian Isidoro; Fierro, Sonia
The tree of the Neem (Azadirachta indicates A. Juss), has outstanding potential importance, by virtue of its very distinctive characteristics, which are recognized in the scientific world of occident, and grateful its millennial use in the cultures of the old world. This investigation was carried out in the place San Eduardo, Canton Echeandía, province Bolívar. The outlined objectives were i) Determine which of the four basis types it is the best for the propagation of the Neem. ii) Identify which of the three doses of Root Most is the appropriate one for the development of the plants of Neem in the stage of the nursery. iii) Carry out the economic analysis of benefit cost (B/C). A design of Complete Blocks was used at random in arrangement factorial 4x3+1x3 repetitions. The factor A corresponded to four types of bases: A1: Earth of guabo 50% + Earth of place 40% + sand 10%; A2: Earth of guabo 40% + Earth of place 50% + sand 10%; A3: Earth of guabo 30% + Earth of place 50% + sand 20% and A4: Earth of guabo 40% + Earth of place 40% + sand 20%. The factor B was three doses of Root Most: B1: 2 cc/litro of water; B2: 4 cc/liter of water and B3: 6 cc/liter of water. Twelve treatments and a witness were had. They were carried out chemical analysis of bases, variance, test of Tukey to 5%, correlation analysis and lineal regression, relations benefit-cost B/C. The main results were: The basis with the biggest percentage in survival of plants of Neem to the 90 days was A4: Earth of guabo 40% + Earth of place 40% + sand 20% with 98%. The dose of Root Most with the bigger than plant survival was the B2: 4 cc / liter of water with 97%. The treatment with the best survival was: T 12: A4B3 (Earth of guabo 40% + Earth of place 40% + sand 20% + 6cc/l of water) with 99%. The variables that increased the survival of plants were: percentage of apprehension of plants; plant height to the 30,60 and 90 days; shaft diameter to the 30 and 60 days; number of leaves and foliose to the 90 days; rachis longitude to the 60 and 90 days; rachis diameter to the 30 days; long and volume of the root to the 90 days. The best relationship benefit-cost was given in T2: A1B2 (Earth of 116 guabo 50% + Earth of place 40% + sand 10% + 4cc/l of water) with a value of 4,62
Evaluación de cuatro sustratos y dos fitohormonas en el prendimiento de estacas de caña guadúa (Guadúa angustifolia) en el sitio el Mirador, cantón Echeandía, provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agroforestal, 2012) Andrade Núñez, Darwin Hernán; Monar, Nelson
In the world, you begin to look to the cane guadúa like an ecological alternative, since its use in several productive processes would reduce the impact on the native forests, because the guadúa can be a substitute of the wood. This investigation was carried in the Mirador, Echeandía city, Bolívar state, to an altitude of 600 mls. The objectives outlined in this investigative work were: i) Evaluate the effect of four bases and two fitohormonas in the asexual propagation of guadúa plants in nursery. ii) Determine the effect of four types of organic bases on the apprehension of guadúa plants in nursery. iii) Measure the answer of two types of hormones in the asexual propagation of guadúa plants in nursery and their effect in the apprehension components and survival of plants. iv) Carry out a budget economic analysis partially and Marginal Rate of Return (TMR%). A design of Complete Blocks was used at random (DBCA) in factorial arrangement 4x2. Factor A corresponded to four types of bases: A1: Earth of Guabo, A2: Humus of Worm, A3: Shell of Cocoa and A4: Earth of the Place. The Factor B was two types of hormones B1: Cytokin and B2: Rootmost. Eight treatments were had with three repetitions. They were carried out variance analysis, main effect for types of hormones, test of Tukey for factor A, Types of bases and interactions AxB. Correlation analysis and economic of budget partially and calculation of the TMR%. The more important results were: The basis with the percentage of survival of higher guadúa to the 90 days was the A1: Earth of Guabo with 89,67%. The hormone with the biggest percentage of survival of guadúa plants to the 90 days was Cytokin with 79,17%. In the interaction of factors AxB, the highest percentage of survival in plants was evaluated in the T 1: A1B1 (Guabo Earth with the hormone Cytokin) with 90,33%. The independent variables that contributed to obtain a bigger percentage of survival of plants to the 90 days were: percentage of apprehension of plants to the 30 and 60 days, height of the bud to the 60 and 90 days, diameter of the shaft to the 90 days and root volume to the 90 days. Economically the treatment with the highest net profit was the T5: A3B1 (Shell of cocoa with the hormone Cytokin) with $. 44,48 and a value of TMR of 37%. Finally this study contributed to improve the asexual propagation of cane guadúa, 123 having plants of good quality, very developed and in smaller time, with 60 days less in relation to the one to conventional propagation, that makes more competitive the activity of the viverista
Evaluación de sistemas de labranza, uso de suelo y fertilización en el cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) en la microcuenca del río Illangama, provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agroforestal, 2011) Moposita Tandapilco, David Ancelmo; Velóz, Fernando
Tillage systems and conservation agriculture worldwide is still highly regarded within the management as an alternative source of protection for natural resources in Ecuador sustainable agriculture alternatives, is a sound management practice, despite these becomes difficult to incorporate technologies to farmer's practices because of this problem, the soil resource is exploited to a point beyond which activities such as overgrazing of livestock, agricultural production in marginal areas, involving not only the degradation natural capital, but also to socio- economic impacts on farming families. This research was conducted in the watershed of the river Illangama, Bolivar Province, at an altitude of 3500 meters; the type of soil was silt loam, MO with 8.05% and a slightly acidic pH of 6.3. The goals that emerged from this research were: i) Assess the medium term effect of two tillage systems, land use and fertilization on the potato crop on the physical, chemical and biological soil properties. ii) Determine the effect of tillage systems, land use and fertilization on the yield of the potato crop. iii) To conduct economic analysis of the implementation of farming systems, land use and fertilizer in potato cultivation. We used an experimental design of randomized complete block (RCBD) with 3 replications and 4 treatments. T1: Pasture with removal, conventional tillage, potato fertilization, T2: Pasture with removal, reduced tillage, potato fertilization, T3: Pasture without removal, reduced tillage, potato fertilization, T4: Pasture without removal, reduced tillage, potato except nitrogen fertilization (N). Were carried out chemical analysis of soil before planting, analysis of variance, Tukey test at 5%; partial budget economic analysis and calculation of the marginal rate of return. The main results obtained in this study were significantly influenced treatments, mainly in the analysis of variance for variables: root depth in cm, total yield in t / ha and dry matter of biomass in t / ha. The highest average yield of potato was assessed at T1: pasture with removal, conventional tillage, potato fertilization, but with a higher marginal rate of return on T3: Pasture without removal, reduced tillage, potato fertilization, because it reduces 76% of costs in preparing the ground. Economically treatment with the highest average value of the TMR was the T3: 804% and net income of $. 1832/ha, taking into account only the costs that vary with each treatment. Finally, 71 this study has contributed in reducing the processes of soil erosion in hillside agriculture through conservation tillage and crop nutrient efficiency
Evaluación del porcentaje de prendimiento y calidad de la planta de morera (Morus alba L) con tres tipos de sustratos y dos tipos de hormonas, en el cantón Echeandía, provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agroforestal, 2011) Quijano Vargas, Dario Javier; Sánchez Rodríguez, Tayro Willy; Espinoza, Kléber
The main use of the mulberry at world level is like food of the silk worm, but depending on the town, it is also appreciated by its fresh consumed fruit, in juice or in preserves, as delicious vegetable, for its medicinal estates in infusions, for paisajismo and eat animal forage. The bases allow the anchorage of the system radiculars, playing a support part for the plant, it can intervene or not in the process of the nutrition of the plant. The vegetable hormones have to do mainly with the stimulation of roots, increase of the flotation, maturation of the fruit and, in it generates with the growth and development of the plant and their organs. This investigation was carried out the farm of State University of Bolívar CAEDIS Echeandía, located to an altitude of 600 msnm, temperature average of 25°C, annual precipitation of 2.300 mm and a relative humidity of 90% The objectives that thought about in this investigation were: i) Evaluate the apprehension percentage and quality of the mulberry plant agronomical with three types of bases and two types of hormones. ii) Determine the treatment that presents bigger apprehension percentage in the mulberry cultivation. iii) Determine the effect of three types of bases and two types of hormones in the quality of the mulberry plant. iv) Carry out a benefit-cost economic analysis B/C. An experimental design of complete blocks was used at random in factorial arrangement of 3x2+1 witness with three repetitions. The factor A: corresponded to 3 types of bases, A1: Fuzz of Rice 50% + earth of place 50%; A2: Fuzz of coffee 50% + earth of place 50% and A3: earth sowed 50% + earth of place 50%. The factor B was two types of hormones B1: Hormonagro and B2: Bio root, six treatments and a witness were had. They were carried out chemical analysis of bases, variance analysis, test of Tukey to 5%, main effect for types of hormones, correlation analysis and lineal regression, benefit-cost economic analysis B/C The main obtained results were:  Significant statistical differences were calculated for most of the variables evaluated in the asexual propagation of mulberry.  The basis with the highest percentage of the apprehension of mulberry plants to the 90 days was the A1: Fuzz of Rice 50% + earth of place 50% with 85%; followed by the A3: Earth sowed 50% + earth of place 50% with 81%.  The hormone Hormonagro, had a bigger effectiveness as for the variable percentage of apprehension of mulberry plants to the 90 days with 82,00% comparative to Bio roots that presented 79,00%.  In the interaction of factors types of bases for types of hormones the most effective treatments were the T1: A1B1 (Fuzz of rice 50% + earth of place 50% + Hormonagro) with 96,00% and the T2: A1B2 (Fuzz of rice 50% + earth of place 50% + Bio roots) with 85,00% to the 90 days.  The variables that contributed to increase the apprehension percentage significantly from the mulberry stakes to the 90 days were the height of plants to the 60 and 90 days and the width from the limbo to the 90 days.  The relationship benefit-cost in the production of mulberry plants in asexual form, by means of the use of bases and hormones, in all the treatments is superior that the unit, guaranteeing us a good profitability in this activity. The treatment with the best RB/C was the T7 with $. 5,56
Evaluación morfológica de tres sistemas agroforestales con base de cultivo de café (Coffea arábica) con la aplicación de ecoabonaza y abono foliar orgánico en el cantón Echeandía, provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agroforestal, 2012) Llumitaxi Chango, Janet; Chango Llumitaxi, Marcia; Espinoza, Kleber
The systems agroforestals are guided to allow productive activities under conditions of high fragility, with degraded natural resources, by means of an efficient economic administration, altering to the minimum the ecological stability, that which contributes to reach the sustainability of the production systems. The present investigation was developed in the canton Echeandía, county Bolívar. The place was to an altitude of 600 msnm with a temperature average of 25oC, a precipitation averages yearly of 2300 mm. The objectives that thought about in this investigation they were: i) Evaluate three systems agroforestales morphologically with base of cultivation of coffee to the application of Ecoabonaza and payment to foliate organic. ii) Determine the morphological characteristics that it develops the cultivation of coffee in each one of the systems agroforestals. iii) Evaluate the dose of Ecoabonaza and of payment to foliate that it presents better morphological characteristics of the cultivation of coffee. iv) Carry out an economic analysis of beneficent cost. T.I.RC. An Experimental design of Complete Blocks was applied at random (DBCA) with 3 treatment and 6 repetitions, the treatments were T1: Brown System + Pachaco + Ecoabonaza 14 TM/ha + 2.5 lt Leili/ha; T2: Brown System + Guabo + Ecoabonaza 14 TM/ha + 2.5 lt Leili/ha, and T3: Brown System + Fernán Sánchez + Ecoabonaza 14 TM/ha + 2.5 lt Leili / ha. They were carried out analysis of Variance, test of Tukey to 5%; correlation analysis and lineal regression; economic analysis of benefit cost. The most important results synthesized in this investigation were:  The answer of the systems agroforestales with the application of 14 TM/Ha of Ecoabonaza and 2,5 lt. of Leili used in this investigation, in the components of the Wide yield of the leaf to the beginning; diameter of the shaft in the crop; longitude and wide of the leaf in the crop; yield of cherries and brown parchment evaluated in this ecological area agriculture were different.  The yields higher averages of cherries and brown parchment, they registered in the brown System + Guabo + Ecoabonaza 14 TM/ha + 2.5 lt Leili/ha with 6.427 Kg/ha and 3.062 Kg/ha respectively.  To the beginning of this investigation one had presence of illnesses foliares like Roya in 71,65% and Eye of Chicken with 48,16% of incidence, to control these illnesses, a fungicide was applied to base it Gets paid (Cuprofix-30) in dose of 500g./200 liters of water. Once controlled the Roya and the chicken eye, for via being foliated it applied an organic bioestimulante (Maestro SL) in dose of 2cm3/liters of water.  The independent variables that contributed to increase the yield of coffee significantly were securities higher averages of the longitude and wide of the leaf and the yield of cherries at the end of the investigation. 90    The variables that reduced the yield of coffee were the incidence from Roya to the beginning of the investigation and the diameter from the shaft to the crop. From the sostenibilidad point of view in the social, economic, cultural and environmental environment, the option of the treatment T2 was the best technological alternative with a RB/C 1,59 and a RI/C 0,59 in comparison to the other treatments. With this investigation work, he/she has been able to evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the systems agroforestales with base of cultivation of coffee more the gallinaza application and to foliate organic Leili
Identificación y caracterización de las especies forestales en las comunidades de San José de Camarón, Chazo Juan, Tigre-Yacú Cañitas del Cantón Echeandía, Provincia Bolívar
(UEB.FCCAG.IAF, 2013) Alegria Pazmiño, Paquita Alexandra; Chimbo Rochina, Laura Magdalena; Sánchez, José
The forest is extremely useful to humans and essential to its survival. The mass occupies Echeandía Canton wooded 0.67% of the total area of Ecuador; it is mostly operated forest, determined by secondary vegetation and exotic and native tree species. Forest resources available to the county Echeandía are key determinants of their economic and social development, hence the identification and characterization of forest species in each of the communities, seeks to contribute to a database of existing forest species and establish the species in danger of extinction to recover and / or at least maintain the flora and fauna. The objectives in this research were:  Identify and characterize forest species in the communities of San Jose de Camarón, Chazo John and Tiger-Yacú the Cañitas.  Identify the dominant tree species in the communities studied.  To determine the morphological characteristics that present each of the tree species.  Conduct a study of forest species dasonométrico. This research was conducted in the province of Bolivar, Canton Echeandía, communities Shrimp, Chazo John and Tiger-Yacú Cañitas. Statistical analyzes performed were: Arithmetic mean, frequency, percentage frequency, maximum, minimum, and standard deviation. The main findings in this study were synthesized: stands which made this research work, have an area of about 0.9 hectares, is irregular in making an inventory of the trees that make the community stand Shrimp, we identified 17 different species of trees, in which over comes the Milkman (Sapium glandulosum) in a number of 16 trees. In the community of Chazo-Juan was identified 21 different species, the more numerous the Hiwa (Genipa americana) in a 6 trees. In the 109 community of Tiger-Yacú identified 17 different species of trees, the most outstanding was the Tangare (Carapa guianensis) in a number of 27 trees. The average total height of the trees in the village of Camarón was 28.5 m to 28.5- Juan Chazo my Tiger-Yacú with 24.56 m. The average height in assessing commercial trees in the community was 17.90 m Shrimp for Chazo-John was my Tiger-Yacú 17.54 to 14.2 m. The most prevalent form of glass was irregular between species of trees in the stands
Identificación y caracterización morfológica de las especies arbóreas y arbustivas en el rodal la Merced, cantón Echeandía, provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agroforestal, 2013) Chango, Jorge Enrique; Fernández Núñez, Luís Miguel; Monar Gavilanez, Nelson
The Rodale’s is not only constituted by the group of trees, in fact they are represented by elements like floor, forest species, microclimate silvícola, fauna of all type and size, plants of all species, animals that are interacting to each other, generating very important conditions for the development of the biological life of the ecosystems. This investigation, was carried out in the Rodal The Merced of the canton Echeandía, county Bolívar, located to 480 msnm, with a half temperature of 23°C, a precipitation of 2300 mm. The outlined objectives were: i) Identify the arboreal species and existent arbustivas in the rodal the Merced. ii) Determine the morphological characteristics that present each one of the arboreal species and arbustivas and iii) Carry out a study dasonométrico of the forest species inside the rodal. A descriptive statistic was used where it was calculated the Frequency and arithmetic mean. The main results obtained in this investigation were: The rodal The Merced, it is confirmed by 9 arboreal species as Rubber (Castile elastic); Cedro (Cedrela odonata); Husk (Croton eluteria); Jigua (Nectandra sp); hen Chest (Vismia obtuse); Guabo (Inga edulis), Fernán Sánchez (Triplaris guayaquilensis Wedd); hen Blood (Otoba gordoniifolia) and white Raft (Ochroma pyramidale). It was identified 4 species arbustivas like Palm (Pholidostachys pulchra); Coffee (Caniphora pierre); Cojojo (Acnistus arborescens L) and Fern roasts (Polypodium vulgare). The arboreal species with the biggest, height, diameter height chest, basal area and wooden volume was the white Raft. The type of surrounds of the species arboreal Rubber, Husk, hen Blood and white Raft was Irregular; in the Guabo it was Aparasolada; in the trees of Jigua, Fernán Sánchez and Cedro it surrounds was Round; the surrounds of the species hen Chest was Glomerular
Inventario y estudio de la estructura arbórea del bosque natural en la hacienda “El Porvenir”, sector el Morado, cantón Guaranda, provincia Bolívar
(Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agroforestal, 2012) Meléndez González, Vanesa Yesenia; Monar, Nelson
The present work was to develop an inventory and study of the structure of natural forest tree in the farm “El Porvenir”, sector El Morado, Guaranda Canton, Bolivar Province, Ecuador, which was limited to a stand of 2100 m2 and which is located between 3177 and 3270 m, which belongs to the characterization of wet montane cloud forest (bh-Mn) due to the presence of large number of clouds or fog, with a relief that ranges from steep to mountainous with slopes between 50 and 90%. For the characterization of tree species proceeded to the collection of sources secondary information of various universities, where there was a thorough consultation of scientific work nationally and internationally, and on the practice continued ongoing meetings with community members who have explained the purpose of work and requested their participation to identify the different spices existing tree in the stand by their common names, and then proceed to the characterization and study of each species which was developed forestry inventory of this stand. After performing field data collection, information was processed by management, coding and tabulation, and then be statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics with emphasis on measures of central tendency and dispersion and end with the drawing of conclusions and recommendations. The main results were: In the stand were 154 individuals, divided into 20 tree species, the same as were Tarqui (Hedyosmum cuatrecazanum Occhioni) Arrayán (Myrcianthes rhopaloides) Fololon (Solanum oblongifolium Dunal). Coco – Pandala (Prunus rough Koehne), Canyon (Miconia pustulata Nadin), Quishuar (Buddleja bullata Kunth), Tabasquero (Geissanthus andinus), Cedar (Cedrela cumina), Fern (Cyathea sp.) Motilón (Meliosma sandy Idro. & Cuatrec .) Aguacatillo (Persea mutisii Kunth), Husk (Cinchona pubescens Vahi), white Cedrillo (Ruagea cumina), Caglán (Bocconia frutescens L.), cation (Saurauia tomentosa HBK Spreng), Fig Tree (Ficus dulciaria Dugand), white Lopaz (Verbesina nudipens Blake), Alder (Alnus 144 cuminate Kuntk) Cedrillo (Ruagea pubescens) and pumamaqui (Oreopanax ecuadorensis) prevailing Tarqui trees, myrtle and Fololon and to a lesser extent those of pumamaqui. 71% of the trees showed the dominant category, 24% of co-dominant and the remaining 5% category dominated. Of the 154 trees, 63,0% have less than 10 m height, 16,9% from 10 to 20 m, and 20,1% higher at 20 m altitude, prevailing in both trees have heights less than 10 m. According to the values taken mensuration, tree species had an average height of 15,75 + 5,70 m, thickness of the crust of 0,99 +1,61 cm, 28,73+9,94 cm DBH, basal area of 0,073+0,044 m2 and 0,044 timber volume of 0,85 +0,71 m3. Considering that natural forests are in danger of extinction, it is recommended reforestation projects and protection of forests for which action should be taken to create protected areas, exploitation of natural resources conservation, creating gene banks and to promote actions education to form a new vision regarding our relationship with nature

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