Browsing by Author "Dávila Espín, Alicia Elizabeth"

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    Respuesta del cultivo de arroz (oriza sativa), a diferentes dosis de fertilización nitrogenada en combinación con micorrizas arbusculares glomus spp en la zona de Ventanas – Provincia los Ríos
    (Universidad Estatal de Bolívar . Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias . Escuela de Ingeniería Agronómica, 2008) Dávila Espín, Alicia Elizabeth; Espinoza Mora, Kleber Estuardo
    Rice (Oryza sativa) is a grass of great importance in the human diet as a source of carbohydrates, is the staple food in many Asian countries and some of South America like Ecuador. (Sucre, M. 2003). The global rice production in 2000 was about 598 million tons. Among cereals, rice ranks first in terms of production volume, followed by corn and wheat. Asian crops account for over 90% of world rice production and the main producers are China, with 31.8% of production, and India (22.4%). In Europe, the main producers are Italy and Spain (Mediterranean climate zones); in absolute terms, yields are much lower than those of countries that engage in this culture vast expanses, but yields are among the highest in the world. (Encarta, 2007). In Ecuador an area of ​​343 936 hectares were sown; which have been harvested 332.989 ha with an average rice yield of 3.6 MT / ha, being the province of Los Rios the second largest producer of rice in the country, with an average yield of 3.26 MT / ha of rice shell (Ministry of Agriculture, 2003). The planting area is especially located in the province of Los Rios and Guayas representing over 92% of the country's rice production under irrigated conditions 60% and the rest on dry land (Ministry of Agriculture, 2003). The decline of biodiversity of ecosystems and agro ecosystems are the example of the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals in conventional farming, as well as the pollution of natural resources (water, soil, and air) and imbalance (Bermudez, 2004) . Because these causes and among other there is the urgent need to restore the agro-ecological balance, without diminishing the productive responses in order to achieve comprehensive development of ecosystems through the use of technologies framed in a clean or organic-sustainable agriculture (Sucre, M. 2003). At the present time after some years of being immersed in the so-called "Green Revolution" we are at the beginning of the "Sustainable Agriculture" which aims to reduce to a minimum the use of pesticides and increase the efficient sound management of biological resources achieve maintain yields achieved in conventional agriculture or increase considerably reducing production costs, especially as relates to chemical fertilization (Hernandez, M. 2003). It has been determined that positive returns can be achieved using a specialized group of aerobic fungi called mycorrhizae Glomus spp), and which supply plants nutritional elements necessary for its development and high productivity through fungus-plant symbiotic relationship. (Duchicela, 2004). It is stated that the amounts of chemical fertilizers applied only are exploited by 20% whereas normally the rest is fixed or is leached into soil adverse conditions caused by extreme pH values ​​and aluminum in acid soils or calcium and magnesium, among others in alkaline soils; under these conditions the use of mycorrhizae can recover nutrients and used by plants in a much larger amount (Rivera, 1996). These fungi when inoculated mycorrhizal crop roots establish an advantageous symbiosis obtaining the following benefits: -Increase In plant growth and crop yields, which usually range from 20-60%. -Increase The use of fertilizers and soil nutrients N, P, K, Cu, B, and others and thus decreasing costs for the implementation of these inputs. -the Root system protection against certain fungal diseases, also protect soils against degradation and contribute to the regeneration thereof. (Duchicela, 2004) - The physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the soil (Monar, C. 2006) are improved